Planning is one of the four functions of management are important and interlinked with each other. Speaking of planning, we are faced with the question of whether a plan went well or not. This fundamental question asked when we would actually see the reality of everyday life that shows the number of failures due to wrong planning and inappropriate. Errors may be planning earlier planning itself or in the planning processes that take place.
Type of Planning
There are two basic types of basic planning (James AF Stoner and R. Edward Freeman, 1994):
a. Strategic planning, planning is done by the top and middle managers to achieve broader organizational goals, and
b. Operational planning, plans that show how the strategic planning will be implemented in daily activities - day.
Step by Step Preparation of Strategic Planning
1. Determination of Objectives
Manager on selecting strategic objectives. The selection is influenced by the values espoused managers, in addition to organizational strengths and weaknesses. While the goal that includes a general statement about, mission, purpose and goals of the organization.
2. Environmental Analysis
Selected destination must be adjusted to the factors that limit the external factors. Therefore, the analysis takes external factors and internal factors (strengths and weaknesses of the company).
3. Setting the Size
The specific objectives of a certain size can:
a. Makes it easy to reach
b. Being an effective incentive
c. Assist the management plan
d. Facilitate the measurement of success and failure
4. Creating a Unit Plan
After top managers tentatively formulate general long-term goals, then managers set goals under the unit to contribute the achievement of common goals.
After top managers tentatively formulate general long-term goals, then managers set goals under the unit to contribute the achievement of common goals.
5. Pembandingkan Unit Plan with Strategic Plan
If there are differences or discrepancies between plan / unit objectives with the goals and strategic plans.
If there are differences or discrepancies between plan / unit objectives with the goals and strategic plans.
6. Closing the Difference
If there is a difference between unit objectives with the strategic objectives should be held adjustment.
If there is a difference between unit objectives with the strategic objectives should be held adjustment.
7. Selecting Alternatives
Managers conduct an inventory of the various alternatives that can be taken to achieve the goal, and then choose one of the best alternative.
Managers conduct an inventory of the various alternatives that can be taken to achieve the goal, and then choose one of the best alternative.
8. Implementation Plan
The best alternative would be the plans and must be clearly formulated and elaborated a plan of operations to be implemented.
The best alternative would be the plans and must be clearly formulated and elaborated a plan of operations to be implemented.
9. Measuring and Monitoring Progress
It required:
a. Standards as benchmarks to determine progress.
b. Feedback from implementers to know the results.
c. Based on the standard to assess the results achieved.
d. Make corrections in the event of irregularities.
Operational Planning Steps
It required:
a. Standards as benchmarks to determine progress.
b. Feedback from implementers to know the results.
c. Based on the standard to assess the results achieved.
d. Make corrections in the event of irregularities.
Operational Planning Steps
Operational planning is the planning that focuses on current operations (short term) and especially with respect to the goal of achieving efficiency.
In conducting operational planning will be needed given steps. These steps are the procedures to be followed in any planning, without which the procedure is then less than perfect plan. The steps are as follows:
Step 1: Set goals
Often an organization has many goals, it must choose among many goals, objectives can be formulated in accordance with the purpose of the mission and goals desired. Of course taking into account available resources, which will most difficult goal can be achieved with very limited resources, it must set goals that are best for the organization.
Step 2: Understand the current state or formulate
The plan is about activities in the future, what can be done in the future is determined also the state or the organization's position at this time. Therefore, organizations must know, understand and then formulate its position today. For the purposes of the required data and information relevant to the goals of the organization.
Step 3: Identifying Convenient and Barriers
The organization shall identify and inventory convenience factors and obstacles in achieving business goals. By knowing the easiness, the organization will be using her best opportunity. Conversely, knowing the possibility of resistance, then the organization has prepared as early as possible to mitigate or anticipate them to be formulated and then formulated in a variety of activities to achieve goals.
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